# NAD+ References: Cited Studies and Reviews

> NAD+ references — the full cited literature behind this digest, with DOIs and PubMed links for every precursor trial, mechanism review, and IV-therapy study summarized on the site.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered entry below, with a DOI or PubMed link for verification.

## How to use this list

Each inline marker — [1], [2], and so on — across the digest resolves to the matching numbered entry here. Entries include the journal, year, DOI and a PubMed link so any figure on this site can be checked against the primary source. Reviews are labeled as reviews; preclinical and in-vitro studies are labeled as such. NAD+ figures cited from these works are reproduced for editorial summary, not endorsement.

## References

[1] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, van Weeghel M, Cantó C, Zapata-Pérez R, Janssens GE, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, Nin V, Escande C, Warner GM, Puranik AS, Schoon RA, Reid JM, Galina A, Chini EN. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, Lin Z, Vaidya A, Pendse S, Thasma S, Andhalkar N, Avhad G, Kumbhar V. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[6] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, Patti GJ, Franczyk MP, Mills KF, Sindelar M, Pietka T, Patterson BW, Imai SI, Klein S. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[7] Brakedal B, Dölle C, Riemer F, Ma Y, Nido GS, Skeie GO, Craven AR, Schwarzlmüller T, Brekke N, Diab J, et al. The NADPARK study: A randomized phase I trial of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in Parkinson's disease. Cell Metab. 2022;34(3):396-407. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35235774/
[8] Braidy N, Villalva MD, van Eeden S. Sobriety and Satiety: Is NAD+ the Answer? Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(5):425. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32423100/
[9] Berven H, Kverneng S, Sheard E, Søgnen M, Af Geijerstam SA, Haugarvoll K, et al. NR-SAFE: a randomized, double-blind safety trial of high dose nicotinamide riboside in Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):7793. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38016950/
[10] Groth B, Venkatakrishnan P, Lin SJ. NAD+ Metabolism, Metabolic Stress, and Infection. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:686412. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34095234/
[11] Kar A, Mehrotra S, Chatterjee S. CD38: T Cell Immuno-Metabolic Modulator. Cells. 2020;9(7):1716. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32709019/
[12] Aleo MF, Giudici ML, Sestini S, Danesi P, Pompucci G, Preti A. Metabolic fate of extracellular NAD in human skin fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem. 2001;80(3):360-366. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11135366/
[13] Blum K, Cadet JL, Baron D, Badgaiyan RD, Brewer R, Modestino EJ, et al. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) and Enkephalinase Inhibition (IV1114589NAD) Infusions Significantly Attenuate Psychiatric Burden Sequalae in Substance Use Disorder (SUD) in Fifty Cases. Curr Psychiatry Res Rev. 2022;18(2):125-143. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36118157/
[14] Orr ME, Kotkowski E, Ramirez P, Bair-Kelps D, Liu Q, Brenner C, Schmidt MS, Fox PT, Larbi A, Tan C, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of nicotinamide riboside in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. GeroScience. 2024;46(1):665-682. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37994989/

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A build-log reading of the NAD+ literature, traced from salvage pathway to brain — the coenzyme kept distinct from its NMN and NR precursors, the oral trials kept apart from the rapidly-cleared IV route, and the contested NMN supplement status logged as filed; no clinic compiles behind this console and nothing here is dosed, compounded, prescribed, or sold.