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NAD Chemical

A chemical, followed into the body.

The source collection

NAD+ reading list

The clinical experiments are the liveliest entries. The chemistry reviews make their less obvious distinctions much easier to follow.

Blood, muscle and cognition

For the blood measurement, Conze’s NR trial is a particularly direct starting point. For a physical task, try Yi’s NMN walking study; for a more specific metabolic outcome, Yoshino’s muscle insulin-sensitivity trial.

I would put NADPARK’s cerebral measurement beside Orr’s mild cognitive impairment trial. The pair gives the brain question its essential tension. NR-SAFE adds a safety experiment in Parkinson’s disease.

Chemistry and history

Covarrubias and colleagues cover NAD+ metabolism across cellular processes. Groth and colleagues examine synthesis pathways, while the CD38 review follows an enzyme that consumes the same pool.

The fibroblast paper narrows the scale to NAD outside cultured cells. The Sobriety and Satiety review supplies the historical IV discussion. The 2025 review of human ageing trials provides a broader reckoning of how far the human findings reach.

Cited sources

  1. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, van Weeghel M, Cantó C, Zapata-Pérez R, Janssens GE, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, Nin V, Escande C, Warner GM, Puranik AS, Schoon RA, Reid JM, Galina A, Chini EN. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, Lin Z, Vaidya A, Pendse S, Thasma S, Andhalkar N, Avhad G, Kumbhar V. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, Patti GJ, Franczyk MP, Mills KF, Sindelar M, Pietka T, Patterson BW, Imai SI, Klein S. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  7. Brakedal B, Dölle C, Riemer F, Ma Y, Nido GS, Skeie GO, Craven AR, Schwarzlmüller T, Brekke N, Diab J, et al. The NADPARK study: A randomized phase I trial of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in Parkinson's disease. Cell Metab. 2022;34(3):396-407. ↗
  8. Braidy N, Villalva MD, van Eeden S. Sobriety and Satiety: Is NAD+ the Answer? Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(5):425. ↗
  9. Berven H, Kverneng S, Sheard E, Søgnen M, Af Geijerstam SA, Haugarvoll K, et al. NR-SAFE: a randomized, double-blind safety trial of high dose nicotinamide riboside in Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):7793. ↗
  10. Groth B, Venkatakrishnan P, Lin SJ. NAD+ Metabolism, Metabolic Stress, and Infection. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:686412. ↗
  11. Kar A, Mehrotra S, Chatterjee S. CD38: T Cell Immuno-Metabolic Modulator. Cells. 2020;9(7):1716. ↗
  12. Aleo MF, Giudici ML, Sestini S, Danesi P, Pompucci G, Preti A. Metabolic fate of extracellular NAD in human skin fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem. 2001;80(3):360-366. ↗
  13. Blum K, Cadet JL, Baron D, Badgaiyan RD, Brewer R, Modestino EJ, et al. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) and Enkephalinase Inhibition (IV1114589NAD) Infusions Significantly Attenuate Psychiatric Burden Sequalae in Substance Use Disorder (SUD) in Fifty Cases. Curr Psychiatry Res Rev. 2022;18(2):125-143. ↗
  14. Orr ME, Kotkowski E, Ramirez P, Bair-Kelps D, Liu Q, Brenner C, Schmidt MS, Fox PT, Larbi A, Tan C, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of nicotinamide riboside in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. GeroScience. 2024;46(1):665-682. ↗